1.4 Opinion and Commentary

Most newspapers contain editorials expressing opinions about the events of the day. The New York Times’s stance is liberal; the Wall Street Journal’s is conservative. They supplement their editorials with opinion columns from regular contributors. A few newspapers add op-eds. These are opinions from people unaffiliated with the paper. Some newspapers carry a range of opinions, others are ideologically monolithic. Cartoons, when the newspaper features them, often comment critically on public officials, policies, and current events. Comic strips are sometimes politically provocative, for example Gary Trudeau’s sardonic Doonesbury and Aaron McGruder’s scathing The Boondocks. These strip writers first published their work in their campus newspapers at Yale and the University of Maryland, respectively.

The nonpartisan magazines National Journal and Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report cover government and politics focusing on Washington, DC. Other magazines provide a spectrum of analysis and opinion, ranging from the conservative National Review and Weekly Standard, through the New Republic, to the liberal Nation and Progressive. All have relatively small readerships.

After much debate among members of Congress, televised coverage of floor proceedings via the Cable Satellite Public Affairs Network (C-SPAN) was established in the US House of Representatives in 1979 and in the Senate in 1986 (C-SPAN2) to transmit gavel-to-gavel coverage of floor action. These channels plus C-SPAN3 also air an array of political events, including election debates, political advertisements, press conferences, discussion forums, and interviews with news makers, journalists, and authors.

The television networks’ Sunday morning interview programs,  notably Meet the Press, Face the Nation, and This Week, usually feature prominent government officials and other well-known politicians. In the face of sometimes aggressive questioning by the host and interview panelists, guests strive to set the news agenda and get their messages across to viewers. The programs, which have small audiences, are influential because they are widely watched in Washington, DC, otherwise known as “inside the beltway,” and by people interested in government and politics.

There are also shows featuring journalists discussing current events among themselves, whether more combatively (The McLaughlin Group) or less (Washington Week).

Twenty-four-hour cable-television news channels report the news. For example, CNN has The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer. But they have a lot of time to fill and only a limited number of reporters and news-gathering resources. So they employ opinionated anchors and fill their news programs with commentary and opinion, often from pundits, political consultants, party strategists, and people from interest groups and ideological think tanks. These guests, many of whom appear regularly (no matter how wrong their past observations and predictions), disagree forcefully with each other, speak in sound bites, and are adept at memorizing and delivering “spontaneous” quips. Even though these shows have relatively small audiences, the people watching “are the news junkies, the ones who get the buzz going.”

For a mainly conservative, pro-Republican, anti-Democrat perspective there is cable’s most popular news channel, Fox Cable News. Despite its claims to separate news from opinion, the two often blend together. A documentary film exposing what it sees as the channel's biased coverage is Outfoxed:Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism. The channel features partisan, opinionated talk-show hosts, conspicuously the combative Sean Hannity and the pugilistic populist Bill O’Reilly. Stating his opinions bluntly and skewering some of his guests, O’Reilly has made his Fox show cable television’s most popular public affairs program with over three million viewers nightly. These commentators use multiple media platforms in addition to the Fox News Channel—radio talk shows, books, and websites—to spread their messages (as does former Fox star, the sophistic Glenn Beck). Media Matters for America attacks the programs and positions of Fox News and of Glenn Beck, and is attacked in return.

MSNBC is cable’s liberal opposition to the conservative Fox News. Its leading hosts, each with their own program, are the clever Rachel Maddow, voluble Chris Matthews, and the Rev. Al Sharpton who focuses on civil right issues.

Over two thousand radio stations employ a news-talk format. Hosts have ample time to vent their opinions and cultivate, cajole, and castigate their callers and listeners. The bulk of the talk-radio audience listens to hosts who express conservative opinions, are pro-Republican and hostile to liberals, Democrats, and feminists. The most conspicuous is Rush Limbaugh. This caustic conservative is the most widely heard (on more than six hundred stations with an estimated weekly audience of around 15 million) and influential of all radio commentators. Promoting the conservative side, he castigates liberals with humor, often sliding into insult, sneer, and exaggeration.

From a countervailing radical perspective, there is the Pacifica Network, particularly its evening news program Democracy Now, hosted by Amy Goodman and Juan Gonzalez and heard on approximately nine hundred stations. It reports stories and interviews people rarely hear on mainstream, let alone conservative, media.

There are approximately 1,500 Christian programming stations. In addition to their inspirational religious content and music, they broadcast programs on marriage and family issues and advice for the troubled. Some of their content is relevant to politics and public policy, especially their espousal of and support for traditional views and values.

Comedy is a genre that ventures where other modes of entertainment are reluctant to tread. Comedy has a point of view, presents an argument, and often lacerates, usually from a liberal perspective (as, for example, Bill Maher's Real Time on HBO and, on occasion, Saturday Night Live).

Comedy Central’s The Daily Show with Jon Stewart satirized the news media and the politics and government (especially the president) and public affairs they report. Jon Stewart, the acerbic yet charming host, confronted and analyzed the dissembling pronouncements of politicians. The show’s fake correspondents parodied the behavior of real reporters to reveal the limitations of news formats and of objectivity. The show’s effects were achieved through Stewart’s comments and interjections, facial expressions, the incisive writing, graphics, and the clever editing of videos.

To the dismay of his fans, Stewart announced in February 2015 that he would be leaving the show later that year. His replacement or whether the program would continue and, if so, with what kind of format, remain to be decided by executives at Comedy Central.

Stewart may have a successor in John Oliver, formerly a correspondent and guest host on The Daily Show, whose “Last Week Tonight” premiered April 2014 on HBO. On the show, Oliver comments wittily, sometimes acidly, on the news of the week and displays the foibles of the news media. The show's major segment consists of in-depth revelations and exposure of outrages, blunders, and incompetence unreported or little reported by the media.

The most irreverent and cogent critique of newspapers appears in The Onion. January 2011 saw the debut on the IFC cable channel of the television version titled Onion News Network. Satirical political comedy can also be found in digital radio.  Podcasts have opened up the market for other comedic news sources such as The Bugle, co-hosted by John Oliver and Andy Zaltzman with a focus on US and UK politics through deadpan satire and puns. 

Incivility is common in opinion and commentary. Jeffrey M. Berry and Sarah Sobieraj find, however, that the partisan media of talk radio, the Fox and MSNBC cable television channels, and political blogs (to be discussed under New Media) go way beyond incivility to engage in outrage: that is, rhetoric characterized by "venom, vilification of opponents, and hyperbolic reinterpretations of current events." There are sensationalism, out of context quotes, and ad hominem attacks. Particularly common are mockery, insulting language, and name calling. The intent is to provoke an emotional response of anger, fear, or moral righteousness. The partisan liberal and conservative media both spew outrage speech but conservatives are nastier.

When the media place more attention and emphasis on certain issues, such as crime, the public tends to see those issues as important problems requiring government action. The public then judges politicians according to how well they respond to the issues.

Consider the television show 24. It gave its viewers the impression that terrorists were a constant threat to the United States and likely to strike with horrible destructiveness anywhere at any time. At its peak, the show had a weekly audience of approximately fifteen million viewers and reached millions more through DVD sales.

This agenda-settingThe power of the media to tell the public what subjects and issues to think about. power of the media, in effect, tells people what they should be thinking about. The flip side of agenda setting is that when the media ignore issues or policy areas, so too does the public. Thus for people involved in government or politics, getting an issue in the media, or keeping it out of the media, is important; the agenda influences the public’s understandings of what should be done by policymakers.

The media are not simply important in getting people to think about an issue; they influence how people think about it. Scholars refer to this media power as framingThe central idea or theme with which media personnel organize a story and thus give it a point of view..

Journalists bring a perspective to bear on events, highlighting certain aspects at the expense of others, to create a coherent narrative. Such a narrative names protagonists and antagonists, identifies some of the causes of the event described, outlines moral judgments, and may suggest solutions. Framing is inherent in the process of selecting, editing, organizing, and presenting stories. It is often expressed in the television anchorperson’s introduction and in newspaper headlines and opening paragraphs.

The meaning of an event can change dramatically based on how it is framed by and in the media. For example, the public understands a demonstration quite differently depending on whether the news frames it as an exercise of freedom of speech or as a threat to law and order.

Of course, some frames are more convincing than others. A frame’s impact may depend on who is promoting it, what other frames it is competing against, and how frequently it is repeated.

Often, though, news frames are predictable. They express widely shared assumptions and values. The news media framed the events of 9/11 as terrorist attacks on the United States with a response from Americans of national heroism, horror, and mourning.

Out of habit and to simplify complex subjects, journalists tend to cover government and politics with a relatively small repertoire of familiar frames. Relations within and between the branches of government are typically framed as conflicts. Stories often frame politicians as motivated by partisanship and the desire for reelection. Stories about government agencies are frequently framed around bureaucratic incompetence, waste, and corruption.

Framing influences politics by reinforcing or changing what people think of an issue. Different frames call for different policy solutions. Thus 24 told its viewers that in the grim choice between security and liberty, coercion must prevail, that torture is essential to extract information from terrorists to forestall (usually just in time) their lethal schemes. According to Human Rights First, the number of acts of torture on prime-time television increased from fewer than four before 9/11 to more than a hundred. It used to be the villains who tortured, now it is the heroes.

Media frames can provide criteria that audience members use to make judgments about government institutions, public officials, and issues. This is called primingWhen media (news stories) ascribe responsibility for a problem to a person or institution.. It can occur when news stories identify the person or institution to blame for an event, such as the damage wrought by Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans. The president is often held responsible for the nation’s problems. Priming effects are strongest “when the news frames a problem as if it were the president’s business, when viewers are prepared to regard the problem as important, and when they see the problem as entangled in the duties and obligation of the presidency.”

Because of its intrinsic importance, reemphasized by the news and entertainment media, fighting terrorism continues as a prominent issue. The president is seen as primarily responsible. Presidential candidates’ competence to combat terrorism thus becomes an important criterion by which the electorate judges them. Note, in this respect, that some of 24’s presidents could not be trusted to execute that duty and obligation effectively.

The media affect what people think about in politics and how they think about it. They also influence what, if anything, people do about politics, problems, and policies.

Media contents can mobilizeTo encourage, even inspire, individuals to engage in political behavior and action. individuals to engage in political behavior, from contacting public officials, to voting, to protesting, to committing violence. In the 1960s, television coverage increased participation in the nonviolent protests of the civil rights movement against segregation in the South. Continuous coverage of the 2009 health-care legislation contributed to generating a wide range of participation by the public. Partisan media particularly foster citizen engagement in politics, as Fox News did for the Tea Party.

The media can influence people in politics without the public being involved at all. Politicians are far more voracious consumers of the news than most Americans. When issues are heavily covered in the media, officials take such prominence as a sign that they may well be called to account for their actions, even if the public has not yet spoken out. And they speak and behave differently than they did when the issues were obscure. Media attention tends to encourage action and speed up the policy process, if only for politicians to get the issue off the table.